İzmir’s Century: A “Cosmopolitan” Turkish Port City Comes Full Circle

By William Gourlay In February 1923, following the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the founders of modern Turkey assembled to formulate their next steps. Mustafa Kemal, the leader of the Turkish Nationalist Movement that had recently defeated an invading Greek force, delivered the opening address at a “national conference” in the Aegean port city of […]

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